We also compared FLICs-loaded hydrogel implants with the hydrogel implants loaded with the three cytokines (1000 ng of IFN-β, 60 ng of TNF-α, 200 ng of IL-12 per hydrogel implant), and direct subcutaneous injection of the recombinant cytokine proteins to the resected tumor region (200 ng of IFN-β, 12 ng of TNF-α, 40 ng of IL-12 per mouse, once every three days over 15 days, five times in total). Here, IFNB1 is linked to neoplasm.