For example, chassis cells (e.g., mesenchymal stem cells) loaded in scaffolds could be engineered to produce urate oxidase for treating gout38, insulin or human glucagon-like peptide 1 for treating diabetes39,40, cancer vaccines for stimulating immature dendritic cells (DCs) and naive T cells41, erythropoietin for treating anemia42, interferons for treating virus infection43, and even monoclonal antibodies (e.g., anti-PDL-1)44 or immune checkpoint inhibitors for the treatment of cancer45,46. This evidence concerns the gene GCG and cancer.