Prespecified subgroup analyses according to gender (male/female), age (according to the median of age), diabetes status, chronic kidney disease stage (according to the eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2) or severity of CHF (according to the median of NTproBNP level) showed consistent results without any heterogeneity, as found in the whole trial population, namely a reduction of skin sodium content in the empagliflozin group after 3 months (Fig. 4). The gene discussed is NPPB; the disease is congestive heart failure.