For specific reasons, after the screening of full texts, the following articles were excluded: 42 were TGF-β in vivo studies, 33 were TGF-β in vitro studies, 10 were TGF-β gene/protein expression studies, 7 were mosquito experiments, 7 were reviews, 6 were TGF-β in pregnancy/cord blood, 6 were TGF-β in uncomplicated malaria only, 6 were TGF-β gene polymorphism studies, 3 were conference abstracts, 2 were TGF-β in co-infection, 1 was about TGF- β in severe malaria only, 1 had no full-text available, 1 was a systematic review, and 1 was a duplicate study. Here, TGFB1 is linked to coinfection.