There is a strong association between TAR DNA-binding protein 43, frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) [39,40,41,42,43,44,51,52]; thus, our findings in young, highly PM-exposed megacity residents are highly relevant for the global medical community, from both the neuropathology and clinical viewpoints. Here, TARDBP is linked to frontotemporal dementia.