Several types of cancer, including gliomas, acute myeloid leukemia, astrocytoma, and chondromas, have been found to harbor heterozygous missense mutations in the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+)-dependent IDH enzymes, mitochondrial IDH2 enzymes, and cytosolic IDH1 enzymes [40,48,49]. The gene discussed is IDH1; the disease is astrocytoma (excluding glioblastoma).