TYR and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: These bioactive compounds endow ES with various bioactive potentials, such as anti-obesity, anti-diabetic, anti-Alzheimer, tyrosinase inhibition, antioxidant, anti-photoaging, anti-atherosclerotic, anti-hepatotoxic, treat neurological disorders, anti-inflammatory, etc. Although ES is being studied more widely, there are still many shortcomings: the bioactive components contained in ES may vary with cultivars, growing environments, and stages of growth and maturity.