The results showed that the positive regulators of the immune deficiency (IMD) pathway genes Imd, peptidoglycan-recognition protein LE (PGRP-LE), the antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) genes defensin (def), and the Toll signaling pathway genes Toll, Tube, Dorsal were down-regulated in the 24 and 48 h mated female midgut compared to the virgin control female midgut (Fig. 10). This evidence concerns the gene TUBE1 and Immunodeficiency.