CAFs, in contrast, express paracrine molecules that promote tumour growth and therapy resistance, including growth factors (CTGF, EGF, and PDGF), chemokines (CXCL1, CXCL5, CXCL7, CXCL8, CXCL12, and CCL12), and cytokines (IL-6, IL-11, and LIF) [28–31]. Here, CXCL12 is linked to neoplasm.