CD274 and neoplasm: For instance, Wang X, et al. (2021) proposed a deep learning-based artificial intelligence-assisted (AI-assisted) model to score PD-L1 expression of tumor-infiltrating immune cells (IC) in breast cancer, and they demonstrated the proposed AI-assisted scoring can improve PD-L1 assay (SP-142) assessment on both accuracy and concordance via a large multi-institutional ring study on a total of 109 PD-L1 IHC stained images [14].