The gradual increase of CD14+CD11c+CCR2high pro-inflammatory macrophages from noVA to VA tissues, as the main TLR-responsive and cytokine-producing subset in steady-state duodenal tissue [64], has also been observed to accumulate under inflammatory conditions as IBD [38] and CD [65, 66] or during colitis [67], potentially recruited via CCR2 expression [61]. This evidence concerns the gene CD14 and inflammatory bowel disease.