IRF1 and ulcerative colitis: Compatible with this interpretation was the high expression of GBP5 and IRF1 in VA, which was not further induced by NV, since GBP5 is induced in the M1 subset upon LPS/IFN-γ stimulation, upon HIV infection [75, 76] and in active Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis (UC) patients [77].