PAK1 and hepatocellular carcinoma: By contrast, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells treated with sorafenib, a multi-target kinase inhibitor, were found to activate PI3K-RAC1-PAK1 signaling and increase macropinocytosis activity, and increased macropinocytosis prevented sorafenib-induced ferroptosis by replenishing the intracellular cysteine pool (Byun et al., 2022).