ERK signalling has also been linked to neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) which are characterised by aberrant protein aggregation in the central nervous system (CNS), and in which neuroinflammation is commonly a hallmark of disease [103]. Here, MAPK1 is linked to Alzheimer disease.