MAP3K8 and ulcerative colitis: For example, a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in TPL2 (rs1042058) confers increased risk of inflammatory bowel disease including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis [100], corresponding with enhanced ERK phosphorylation and IL-1β and IL-18 secretion in human monocyte-derived macrophages in vitro[101], and reduced levels of anti-inflammatory IL-10 in patient intestinal biopsies [102].