TNF and Parkinson disease: A high dose of PD treatment significantly inhibited TNF-α (155.9 ± 27.87 pg/mg prot), IL-6 (111.4 ± 11.75 pg/mg prot), IL-1β (125.2 ± 21.13 pg/mg prot), IL-17 (74.98 ± 12.51 pg/mg prot), and CD163 (92.10 ± 7.92 pg/mg prot) in VIN+HPD compared to those in the VIN group (P < 0.05).