With the development of neoadjuvant immunotherapy trials, the neoadjuvant platform affords an unparalleled opportunity for reverse translation: surgical specimens obtained after neoadjuvant immunotherapy provide a rich source of materials for the morphological evaluation of the body’s immune response to tumour immunotherapy that are expected to further illuminate the mechanisms of action for anti-PD-1/PD-L1 drugs [10, 11]. The gene discussed is CD274; the disease is neoplasm.