Next, the CD8+ T cell infiltration at the tumor site was evaluated, and it was found that the VNP-GD/EI-NP@Gel+aPD-1 treatment increased the CD8+ T cell infiltration from 7.8% (PBS group) to 45.7%, significantly higher than that of the VNP-GD@Gel (19.9%) and VNP-GD/EI-NP@Gel (32.7%) (Fig. 5b, Supplementary Fig. 26). Here, CD8A is linked to neoplasm.