TNF and infection: Temporal analysis of inflammatory cytokine induction revealed that while SARS-CoV-2 infection of parental THP1/PMA cells did not result in induction of pro-inflammatory responses (Fig 6C), infection of CD169+ THP1/PMA cells led to rapid induction of IL-6, TNFα, IL-1β, and IFNλ1 mRNA expression (Fig 6D).