Moreover, the mechanism of immune response induced by S. japonicum is very complex: non-specific immunity and specific immunity are mutually conditional and complementary; humoral and cellular immunity regulate and balance each other; interaction between schistosoma antigens and host MHC; a variety of immune cells, including macrophages, NK cells, B cells and T cells, are involved in the pulmonary lesions in schistosomiasis, and these factors may affect the pathogenesis of schistosomiasis [49–51]. This evidence concerns the gene HLA-C and schistosomiasis.