In mouse models of autoimmune disease, multiple doses of liposomes expanded programmed cell death 1+ (PD-1+) antigen-specific T cells, induced antigen-specific Foxp3+ Tregs in a programmed cell death ligand 1–dependent (PD-L1–dependent) manner, regulated memory T (Tmem) cells, reduced disease severity, and induced bystander tolerance (5, 13). This evidence concerns the gene PDCD1 and autoimmune disease.