TGFB1 and neoplasm: HCC is a well-known example of a tumor induced by inflammation, and a variety of immune and inflammatory factors, including T cells, cytokines, etc., play crucial roles in the development of HCC, including interleukin-6 (IL-6), interferon-α (TNF-α), TGF-β, and other cytokines (Chaturvedi et al., 2019).