In this regard, expression of intermediate regulatory molecules such as β-lotho (KLB), β-catenin (CTNNB1), CDH2, alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), activated leukocyte adhesion molecule (ALCAM) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) can induce ROS production and apoptosis, inhibiting the growth and adhesion of cancer cells (Wang et al., 2021a). Here, AFP is linked to cancer.