TNF and colitis: By referring to the retrieved hub genes and their influenced pathways, IL-1β, IL-17 (Yin et al., 2021), TNFα (Xiao et al., 2016), and HIF-1α (Bäcker et al., 2017; Kerber et al., 2020) are pro-inflammatory in colitis mice, and IL-4 (Callejas et al., 2021), CCL2 (Maharshak et al., 2010), and PPARγ (Zhao et al., 2018) are conducive to remission.