HMGB1 and alcoholic fatty liver disease: Apart from that, by using Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database (GSE28619), we found that the high expression of HMGB1 was positively related to the M1-related markers (CD86, CXCL9, CXCL10, TLR4) of macrophages (Figure 5C) in patients with alcoholic steatohepatitis (AH), which indicated a closed relationship between HMGB1 expression and M1 polarization of macrophages in the development of steatohepatitis.