Capsaicin activation of TRPV1 greatly alleviated renal fibrosis in UUO and hyperadenine-fed mouse models by reducing myofibroblast activation and preventing phenotypic alterations in renal tubular epithelial cells, and this mechanism is associated with inhibition of TGF-β1-Smad2/3 signaling (Liu et al., 2022). The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is renal fibrosis.