NUCB1 and diabetes mellitus: Figure 2D depicts the Pearson’s correlation coefficients between m5C-related genes and T2D-related DEGs. M5C-related genes were significantly correlated with most T2D-related DEGs such as DNMT1-NUCB1 (r = 0.758, p = 8.75e-15) and DNMT1-MYBPC1 (r = -0.741, p = 6.29e-14). These results suggest that the m5C-related genes are associated with diabetes. Using Pearson’s correlation, we found notable positive and negative correlation in the expression among m5C-related genes (Figure 2E), including UHRF1-TET3 (r = 0.855, p = 5.82e-22) and DNMT3B-TDG (r = -0.751, p = 2.02e-14).