KRAS and colonic neoplasm: Now, it is appreciated that there are multiple molecular pathways involved in these genetic mutations and epigenetic alterations during colon cancer development, including microsatellite instability (MSI), the CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP), chromosome instability (CIN), and somatic mutations of critical oncogenes like BRAF and KRAS (Nguyen et al., 2020).