Protein pathways for genetic and epigenetic markers that are associated with differences in biomarker levels and/or asthma risk have functions including but not limited to: immune function (HERC2, HLA serotypes), cell-adhesions (ATF3, CDH17, CTNNA3, KRT6A, ODZ3), metabolism (NAT and GST gene families), and inflammation (ATF3, TACR1, TGF-β) (see Table 3). Here, CTNNA3 is linked to asthma.