PDX1 and type 1 diabetes mellitus: PDX1, another gene associated with both T2D (Hani et al., 1999) and monogenic diabetes of the young (MODY) (Stoffers et al., 1997), is thought to control β-cell function by regulation of mitophagy, a key mechanism for mitochondrial turnover and quality control (Ding and Yin, 2012), through controlling of the T1D-associated gene CLEC16A (Soleimanpour et al., 2014; Soleimanpour et al., 2015).