TLR4 and neoplasm: Moreover, Thuy Xuan Phan et al. demonstrated that Salmonella typhimurium enhanced inflammasome activation in tumor-infiltrating macrophages following their phagocytosis of Salmonella-infected tumor cells in a TLR4-dependent manner, and thus increased their level of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) secretion (30–32).