In one study, clinical information from cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and cervical squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) patients was collected, and immunohistochemistry was used to measure the expression of PD-L1 in tumor cells and PD-1 in tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). Here, PDCD1 is linked to neoplasm.