A series of experiments and treatment of cancer cells with the small molecular inhibitor LY294002 as an inhibitor of PI3K/AKT signaling indicated that CXCL5 secreted by CAFs binds to the CXCR2 receptor at the surface of tumor cells and induces PD-L1 expression at these cells via this pathway (93). Here, CXCL5 is linked to neoplasm.