Different studies showed that CAFs in tumors such as pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) or non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have high expression levels of PD-1 ligands, so it could be conceivable that CAFs affect T cell functionality following PD-L1/L2 binding (24, 82). This evidence concerns the gene CD274 and non-small cell lung carcinoma.