TNF and cancer: The genes that have been differentially modulated are associated with pathways, including p53 signaling pathway, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, HIF-1 signaling pathway, Hippo signaling pathway, TNF signaling pathway, chemokine ligand 12 signaling pathway, and cytokine production; moreover, retinol metabolism, carbon metabolism, glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and primary bile acid biosynthesis related with cancer also changed in the two clusters.