Plasma levels of many proinflammatory cytokines are elevated in COVID-19 patients, e.g. IL-1ß, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-13, IL-15, IL-17, colony-stimulating factors (G-CSF), granulocyte-macrophage stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interferon-inducible protein 10 (IP-10), interferon-α (IFN-α), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and various chemokines MCP-1 (CCL-2), MIP-1α (CCL3) or RANTES (CCL5) (1–9). Here, TNF is linked to COVID-19.