Similarly, male C57BL/6 mice that received CRS pretreatment and subsequent DSS intervention showed a more significantly increased abundance of pro-inflammatory bacteria, such as Peptostreptococcaceae, Helicobacter, Streptococcus, and Enterococcus faecalis, further increasing inflammation, activating the IL-6/STAT3 inflammatory signaling, and aggravating colitis. Here, IL6 is linked to congenital rubella syndrome.