NLRP3 and irritable bowel syndrome: Furthermore, researchers have also found the overexpression of TLR-4, phosphorylated-NF-κB p65, myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (Myd88), and NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) in the hippocampi of animals in IBD groups compared with control animals, indicating the activation of the TLR4/NF-κB inflammatory pathway and NLRP3 inflammasomes in the CNS (148, 153, 154).