Taurine-conjugated ursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) administration in NOD mice during the pre-diabetic stages protected β cells against ER stress-induced apoptosis in an activating transcription factor-6 (ATF6)-dependent manner, while TUDCA treatment did not affect related immune cells population implicated in T1DM (38) (Figure 3B). This evidence concerns the gene ATF6 and type 1 diabetes mellitus.