Moreover, HMGB1 binds to RAGE or TLR4, which can inhibit the phosphorylation and proteasomal degradation of IκBα, releasing NF-κBp65 for transport to the nucleus and thereby activating the proinflammatory NF-κB pathway [6,7] and triggering the transcription of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β and TNF-α (171) to exacerbate gastric ulceration (172, 173). Here, HMGB1 is linked to gastric ulcer.