IL33 and gastritis: IL-33 is highly expressed in the mucosa of patients with H. pylori-infected gastritis (136), and ST2 is recruited into membrane rafts in response to IL-33 release by H. pylori-infected gastric epithelial cells (137), which promotes the production of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) by MCs and inhibits the proliferation of gastric epithelial cells, leading to the progression of H. pylori-associated gastritis and bacterial colonization (138).