Since, researchers have proposed many mechanisms to explain the involvement of HMGB1 in GC proliferation and metastasis, such as the HMGB1-mediated PI3K/Akt/HIF-1α signaling pathway (162) and activation of the MEK/ERK or NF-κB signaling pathway to induce GC cell proliferation through interactions with RAGE (163, 164). Here, NFKB1 is linked to gastric cancer.