IL-33 upregulation promotes the development of chronic atrophic gastritis, SPEM, GC (58) (59–64) (65, 66).IL-33 upregulation promotes SPEM formation after acute gastric injury (64) (67–69).IL-33 upregulation is associated with injury and repair in H. pylori-associated gastritis (6, 27, 70, 71) (72). This evidence concerns the gene IL33 and gastric cancer.