STAT1 and ulcer disease: For example, Clostridium innocuum invasion led to intestinal creeping fat (Ha et al., 2020), Debaryomyces Hansenii delayed ulcer healing through the IFN-1-STAT1-CCL5 signaling pathway (Jain et al., 2021), and Malassezia restricted inflammation through the CARD9 pathway (Limon et al., 2019).