TGF-β signaling is involved in inhibition of apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells (Lei et al. 2002), and in a recent study, Lu et al showed that TGF-β signaling was significantly changed in pancreatic stellate cells treated with chemotherapeutic agent gemcitabine (Lu et al. 2022). This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and breast carcinoma.