ADIPOQ and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Conversely, lower adiponectin levels in pregnancies with obesity upregulates glucose and amino acid transporters, resulting in increased transport of nutrient delivery by the placenta to further stimulate fetal growth (Jones et al., 2010; Rosario et al., 2012; Aye et al., 2013; Duval et al., 2016).