ZCCHC3 and infection: As ZCCCH3 was reported to positively regulate virus-triggered IFN production, we first investigated whether ZCCHC3 also plays a role in the LINE-1-induced IFN pathway, which was believed to contribute to the auto-immune response under the circumstance of non-infection of the exogenous virus (Volkman and Stetson, 2014; De Cecco et al., 2019; Saleh et al., 2019; Simon et al., 2019).