The upregulation of S100A9, S100A8, LCN2, LTF, CXCL1, SAA1, and SAA2 started at the AEH stage, indicating that these seven signature genes might be involved in the early events of tumorigenesis of EEC and could be used as the markers for early diagnosis of EEC. Here, S100A8 is linked to exstrophy-epispadias complex.