We performed Masson’s trichrome staining to observe tumor fibrosis and immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining to measure the expressions of PLGF, VEGFA, and their receptors (NRP1, VEGFR1, VEGFR2) using tissues derived from 10 PDAC patients with poor prognosis and 10 PDAC patients with good prognosis (Supplementary Fig. 2a). Here, VEGFA is linked to neoplasm.