TNF and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Elevated TNF-α is also associated with microvascular and macrovascular complications in diabetic patients [100, 101] and in the prediction of diabetic retinopathy in T2DM with an AUC of 0.84 [102]. The above studies suggest that serum and urine TNF-α could be a potential biomarker to predict the degree of microalbuminuria in T1DM and T2DM.