IL13 and infection: Like other helminths, infection with C. sinensis can predominantly trigger type II immune responses, including innate lymphoid cells (ILC) 2, Th2, macrophage (M) 2, and its relative cytokines (IL-4, IL-13, IL-5), which may cause restriction to hyperinflammatory responses and facilitate biliary repairment, although the mechanism remains obscure [2, 3].