Covariates for CV outcome and all-cause mortality included age, sex, body mass index, diabetes duration, smoking status, history of CVD, history and etiology of HF, SBP, fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c, CKD (eGFR ≤ 60 mL/min/1.73 m2), presence of systolic HF (EF ≤ 40%), use of antihypertensive drugs, insulin, sulfonylurea, statins, high-sensitivity troponin T, NT-proBNP, and C-reactive protein levels. The gene discussed is NPPB; the disease is chronic kidney disease.