As previously reported, nuclear factor NF-kappa-B (NF-kB) acts via inflammation and protein kinase C to activate the expression of cytokines; NF-kB is transferred to the nucleus, promptly activating the subsequent transcription of tumor necrosis factor-α, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1, or interleukin-6 in the kidneys of CKD patients3,16,17. Here, VCAM1 is linked to chronic kidney disease.