PPARG and urinary bladder cancer: Additionally, pharmacologicalPPARγ agonists, including pioglitazone (3), areassociated with an increased risk of bladder cancer.7−9 Pharmacological antagonism of PPARγ in vitro has been shown to lead to antiproliferative effects in PPARγ-activatedcancer cell lines3 and to promote osteogenesis,10 and genetic experiments suggest that PPARγinverse agonists may induce proinflammatory effects in the tumor environment.4