50). mTOR is known to integrate cellular growth and metabolism via boosting cell proliferation and glycolysis (Ref. 52). mTORC1 is a complex composed of mTOR and other three subunits, which participate in glycolysis by facilitating the expression of HIF-1α and c-Myc. Its inhibitor rapamycin abrogates inflammation-induced priming of NK cells (Ref. 50). The energy sensor AMP-activated serine/threonine protein kinase (AMPK) also inhibits mTORC1 and thus inhibits the production of INF-γ (Ref. 52), therefore alleviating renal fibrosis (Ref. 49) (Fig. 2c). Here, MTOR is linked to renal fibrosis.