RB1 and glioma: Molecular interactions of curcumin include inhibition of proliferation and reduced survival of glioma cells through effects on key signaling cascades: PI3K/AKT, RAS, and JAK/STAT, including EGFR/PI3K/PTEN/RAS/STAT3; cell cycle modulation pathway, including changes in TP53/MDM2/MDM4/p14ARF and RB1/CDK4/p16INK4A/CDKN2B (Ghosh et al., 2015; Luthra and Lal, 2016).