TNF and susceptibility to pneumonia measurement: Supporting our findings, elevated inflammatory mediating factors such as Tumor Necrosis Factor‐α (TNF‐α), Interleukin‐6, and CRP25, 26, 27, 28 as well as the presence of acute metabolic disorders (including hypoxemia, hypo/hyperthermia, and electrolyte abnormalities) have been identified as inducers for AF while being hospitalized for pneumonia.21, 29