- The patients with CD showed a statistically significant elevation of the lipid A antibody titers despite the absence of systemic endotoxemia (Kruis et al., 1984).-LPS can promote the development of bowel inflammation in the model of colitis by shaping the innate immunity via TLR4-dependent signaling mechanisms (Gronbach et al., 2014b).- The polarization of macrophages, mediated by gut-derived LPS, plays a key role in the regulation of inflammatory diseases (Wang et al., 2020). Here, TLR4 is linked to colitis.