TGFB1 and neoplasm: Generally, M1 macrophages secrete proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1 and IL-6, which promotes anti-tumor immune response and enhances immune monitoring, while M2 macrophages mediate immunosuppressive response and promote chronic inflammation and tumor invasion mainly by secreting inhibitory cytokines such as TGF-β, VEGF and MMPs.